Paternal Line

The Y Haplogroups of The World from J. D. McDonald
Y haplogroup is a male population who descend from the same male ancestor.
There are 20 major Y haplogroups, from A to T, branching from A (Y-DNA Adam) [ref]

Like the twin brothers
Daniel & James Kelly | photo
(or the Alymer family)

Y haplogroups can be determined because the father passes down his Y chromosome to his sons — it is this Y chromosome which shows the father & sons relationship (paternal line). So it shows family ties.

It DOES NOT show “race”, as a “european” father still passes down the same Y chromosome to his “african” son. His sons can look multi racial, yet they're still from the same haplogroup. ماشاء الله

What Is Race?
These reference populations aren’t “races”; they’re representative samples of peoples
who have lived in a SINGLE PLACE for a very long time — Anne Wojcicki

Still, sometimes the Y chromosome mutates, giving birth to new Y haplogroups. Thus from one haplogroup A, mutation births new haplogroups:


The Y Haplogroup Family Tree

I seek refuge in Allah SWT from errors
Only Allah SWT Knows Best والله أعلم

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Raceless

Mankind

Rainbow

Map Of Mankind

Dear Biologist